1181 Citations
Background Huntington's disease HD is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder with onset and severity of symptoms influenced by various environmental factors Recent discoveries have highlighted the importance of the gastrointestinal microbiome in mediating the gut-brain-axis bidirectional communication via circulating factors Using shotgun sequencing we investigated the gut microbiome composition in the R transgenic mouse model of HD from to weeks of age early adolescent through to adult stages Targeted metabolomics was also performed on the blood plasma of these mice n per group at weeks of age to investigate potential effects of gut dysbiosis on the plasma metabolome profile Results ... More
Background Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder with onset and severity of symptoms influenced by various environmental factors. Recent discoveries have highlighted the importance of the gastrointestinal microbiome in mediating the gut-brain-axis bidirectional communication via circulating factors. Using shotgun sequencing, we investigated the gut microbiome composition in the R6/1 transgenic mouse model of HD from 4 to 12 weeks of age (early adolescent through to adult stages). Targeted metabolomics was also performed on the blood plasma of these mice (n = 9 per group) at 12 weeks of age to investigate potential effects of gut dysbiosis on the plasma metabolome profile. Results Modelled time profiles of each species, KEGG Orthologs and bacterial genes, revealed heightened volatility in the R6/1 mice, indicating potential early effects of the HD mutation in the gut. In addition to gut dysbiosis in R6/1 mice at 12 weeks of age, gut microbiome function was perturbed. In particular, the butanoate metabolism pathway was elevated, suggesting increased production of the protective SCFA, butyrate, in the gut. No significant alterations were found in the plasma butyrate and propionate levels in the R6/1 mice at 12 weeks of age. The statistical integration of the metagenomics and metabolomics unraveled several Bacteroides species that were negatively correlated with ATP and pipecolic acid in the plasma. Conclusions The present study revealed the instability of the HD gut microbiome during the pre-motor symptomatic stage of the disease which may have dire consequences on the host's health. Perturbation of the HD gut microbiome function prior to significant cognitive and motor dysfunction suggest the potential role of the gut in modulating the pathogenesis of HD, potentially via specific altered plasma metabolites which mediate gut-brain signaling. Less
In this thesis the chloride transport mechanism of the light-driven microbial chloride pump Nonlabens marinus halorhodopsin NmHR is presented Members of the rhodopsin family such as NmHR are integral membrane proteins comprising seven helices and a retinal chromophore which is covalently bound to the protein via a protonated Schiff base and renders the proteins photoactive Through photoactivation the retinal chromophore undergoes an isomerization reaction which then drives conformational changes in the protein Through variations in residue composition rhodopsin can catalyze diverse chemical reactions including pumping protons sodium or chloride ions Chloride transport is a fundamental process in biology and crucial ... More
In this thesis, the chloride transport mechanism of the light-driven microbial chloride pump Nonlabens marinus halorhodopsin (NmHR) is presented. Members of the rhodopsin family, such as NmHR, are integral membrane proteins comprising seven α helices and a retinal chromophore, which is covalently bound to the protein via a protonated Schiff base and renders the proteins photoactive. Through photoactivation, the retinal chromophore undergoes an isomerization reaction, which then drives conformational changes in the protein. Through variations in residue composition, rhodopsin can catalyze diverse chemical reactions, including pumping protons, sodium, or chloride ions. Chloride transport is a fundamental process in biology and crucial for maintaining the electrochemical balance of the cell.
The advent of bright X-ray light sources such as third-generation synchrotrons and X ray free electron lasers has resulted in the emergence of time-resolved serial crystallography. These novel serial crystallography methods were combined with time resolved spectroscopy and hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics simulations to study conformational changes and chloride translocation in NmHR after photoactivation. Five active state structural intermediates, determined in the picosecond to microsecond time domain, have been determined at the X-ray free electron laser. Structural insight into the late photocycle of NmHR was provided by time-resolved serial crystallography at the synchrotron, resulting in ten additional active state intermediates in the millisecond time domain. In addition, a new method was developed that allowed tracing of the anomalous substructure in the photostationary state, providing critical clues on the anion transport pathway in NmHR.
Together with resolving the position of four new transient chloride binding sites in time, the mechanism driving chloride transport is proposed based on the observed conformational changes of the protein after photoactivation. In summary, in the resting state chloride interacts with the protonated Schiff base of the retinal chromophore. Upon absorption of a photon, the retinal chromophore then isomerizes from the all trans to 13-cis configuration, which flips the protonated Schiff base and disrupts the interaction with the chloride ion. In the following step, the chloride translocation is initiated as the anion is pulled over the retinal chromophore to reestablish the interaction with the positive charge on the protonated Schiff base. After chloride is released into the exit tunnel to further diffuse towards the cytoplasm, a steric gate prevents chloride from flowing back into the dark state binding site. At the same time as the release of the chloride ion into the cytoplasm, a new anion is taken up from the extracellular space. In the uptake tunnel, the anion encounters a bottleneck formed by a salt bridge between an arginine and aspartate residue which forms an electrostatic gate. Upon opening of this electrostatic gate, chloride can enter the retinal binding pocket, a hydrophilic cavity in which the dark state binding site is located. Together with the closure of the electrostatic gate, the retinal chromophore isomerizes back to the all-trans-configuration, and the dark state chloride binding site is regenerated.
This thesis thereby presents the first detailed structural dynamics of ion transport by a chloride pumping rhodopsin and demonstrates the capabilities of novel serial crystallography methods. Less
The advent of bright X-ray light sources such as third-generation synchrotrons and X ray free electron lasers has resulted in the emergence of time-resolved serial crystallography. These novel serial crystallography methods were combined with time resolved spectroscopy and hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics simulations to study conformational changes and chloride translocation in NmHR after photoactivation. Five active state structural intermediates, determined in the picosecond to microsecond time domain, have been determined at the X-ray free electron laser. Structural insight into the late photocycle of NmHR was provided by time-resolved serial crystallography at the synchrotron, resulting in ten additional active state intermediates in the millisecond time domain. In addition, a new method was developed that allowed tracing of the anomalous substructure in the photostationary state, providing critical clues on the anion transport pathway in NmHR.
Together with resolving the position of four new transient chloride binding sites in time, the mechanism driving chloride transport is proposed based on the observed conformational changes of the protein after photoactivation. In summary, in the resting state chloride interacts with the protonated Schiff base of the retinal chromophore. Upon absorption of a photon, the retinal chromophore then isomerizes from the all trans to 13-cis configuration, which flips the protonated Schiff base and disrupts the interaction with the chloride ion. In the following step, the chloride translocation is initiated as the anion is pulled over the retinal chromophore to reestablish the interaction with the positive charge on the protonated Schiff base. After chloride is released into the exit tunnel to further diffuse towards the cytoplasm, a steric gate prevents chloride from flowing back into the dark state binding site. At the same time as the release of the chloride ion into the cytoplasm, a new anion is taken up from the extracellular space. In the uptake tunnel, the anion encounters a bottleneck formed by a salt bridge between an arginine and aspartate residue which forms an electrostatic gate. Upon opening of this electrostatic gate, chloride can enter the retinal binding pocket, a hydrophilic cavity in which the dark state binding site is located. Together with the closure of the electrostatic gate, the retinal chromophore isomerizes back to the all-trans-configuration, and the dark state chloride binding site is regenerated.
This thesis thereby presents the first detailed structural dynamics of ion transport by a chloride pumping rhodopsin and demonstrates the capabilities of novel serial crystallography methods. Less
Catalysis of human phosphoglycerate mutase is dependent on a -bisphosphoglycerate cofactor dPGM whereas the nonhomologous isozyme in many parasitic species is cofactor independent iPGM This mechanistic and phylogenetic diversity offers an opportunity for selective pharmacologic targeting of glycolysis in disease-causing organisms We previously discovered ipglycermide a potent inhibitor of iPGM from a large combinatorial cyclic peptide library To fully delineate the ipglycermide pharmacophore herein we construct a detailed structure activity relationship using substituted ipglycermide analogs Binding affinities of these analogs to immobilized Caenorhabditis elegans iPGM measured as fold enrichment relative to the index residue by deep sequencing of an mRNA ... More
Catalysis of human phosphoglycerate mutase is dependent on a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate cofactor (dPGM), whereas the nonhomologous isozyme in many parasitic species is cofactor independent (iPGM). This mechanistic and phylogenetic diversity offers an opportunity for selective pharmacologic targeting of glycolysis in disease-causing organisms. We previously discovered ipglycermide, a potent inhibitor of iPGM, from a large combinatorial cyclic peptide library. To fully delineate the ipglycermide pharmacophore, herein we construct a detailed structure–activity relationship using 280 substituted ipglycermide analogs. Binding affinities of these analogs to immobilized Caenorhabditis elegans iPGM, measured as fold enrichment relative to the index residue by deep sequencing of an mRNA display library, illuminated the significance of each amino acid to the pharmacophore. Using cocrystal structures and binding kinetics, we show that the high affinity of ipglycermide for iPGM orthologs, from Brugia malayi, Onchocerca volvulus, Dirofilaria immitis, and Escherichia coli, is achieved by a codependence between (1) the off-rate mediated by the macrocycle Cys14 thiolate coordination to an active-site Zn2+ in the iPGM phosphatase domain and (2) shape complementarity surrounding the macrocyclic core at the phosphotransferase–phosphatase domain interface. Our results show that the high-affinity binding of ipglycermide to iPGMs freezes these structurally dynamic enzymes into an inactive, stable complex. Less
How have complex brains evolved from simple circuits Here we investigated brain region evolution at cell-type resolution in the cerebellar nuclei the output structures of the cerebellum Using single-nucleus RNA sequencing in mice chickens and humans as well as STARmap spatial transcriptomic analysis and whole central nervous system projection tracing we identified a conserved cell-type set containing two region-specific excitatory neuron classes and three region-invariant inhibitory neuron classes This set constitutes an archetypal cerebellar nucleus that was repeatedly duplicated to form new regions The excitatory cell class that preferentially funnels information to lateral frontal cortices in mice becomes predominant in ... More
How have complex brains evolved from simple circuits? Here we investigated brain region evolution at cell-type resolution in the cerebellar nuclei, the output structures of the cerebellum. Using single-nucleus RNA sequencing in mice, chickens, and humans, as well as STARmap spatial transcriptomic analysis and whole–central nervous system projection tracing, we identified a conserved cell-type set containing two region-specific excitatory neuron classes and three region-invariant inhibitory neuron classes. This set constitutes an archetypal cerebellar nucleus that was repeatedly duplicated to form new regions. The excitatory cell class that preferentially funnels information to lateral frontal cortices in mice becomes predominant in the massively expanded human lateral nucleus. Our data suggest a model of brain region evolution by duplication and divergence of entire cell-type sets. Less
Single-cell RNA-sequencing technologies are ideally placed to resolve intratumoral heterogeneity However the lack of coverage across key mutation hotspots has precluded the correlation of genetic and transcriptional readouts from the same single cell To overcome this we developed TARGET-seq a protocol for TARGETed high-sensitivity single-cell mutational analysis with extremely low allelic dropout rates parallel RNA SEQuencing and cell-surface proteomics Here we present a detailed step-by-step protocol for TARGET-seq including troubleshooting tips approaches for automation and methods for high-throughput multiplexing of libraries
Single-cell transcriptomics has been widely applied to classify neurons in the mammalian brain while systems neuroscience has historically analyzed the encoding properties of cortical neurons without considering cell types Here we examine how specific transcriptomic types of mouse prefrontal cortex PFC projection neurons relate to axonal projections and encoding properties across multiple cognitive tasks We found that most types projected to multiple targets and most targets received projections from multiple types except PFC PAG periaqueductal gray By comparing Ca activity of the molecularly homogeneous PFC PAG type against two heterogeneous classes in several two-alternative choice tasks in freely moving mice ... More
Single-cell transcriptomics has been widely applied to classify neurons in the mammalian brain, while systems neuroscience has historically analyzed the encoding properties of cortical neurons without considering cell types. Here we examine how specific transcriptomic types of mouse prefrontal cortex (PFC) projection neurons relate to axonal projections and encoding properties across multiple cognitive tasks. We found that most types projected to multiple targets, and most targets received projections from multiple types, except PFC→PAG (periaqueductal gray). By comparing Ca2+ activity of the molecularly homogeneous PFC→PAG type against two heterogeneous classes in several two-alternative choice tasks in freely moving mice, we found that all task-related signals assayed were qualitatively present in all examined classes. However, PAG-projecting neurons most potently encoded choice in cued tasks, whereas contralateral PFC-projecting neurons most potently encoded reward context in an uncued task. Thus, task signals are organized redundantly, but with clear quantitative biases across cells of specific molecular-anatomical characteristics. Less
The ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS-CoV- pandemic has devastated the global economy and claimed more than million lives presenting an urgent global health crisis To identify host factors required for infection by SARS-CoV- and seasonal coronaviruses we designed a focused high-coverage CRISPR-Cas library targeting members of a recently published SARS-CoV- protein interactome We leveraged the compact nature of this library to systematically screen SARS-CoV- at two physiologically relevant temperatures along with three related coronaviruses human coronavirus E HCoV- E HCoV-NL and HCoV-OC allowing us to probe this interactome at a much higher resolution than genome-scale studies This approach ... More
The ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has devastated the global economy and claimed more than 1.7 million lives, presenting an urgent global health crisis. To identify host factors required for infection by SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal coronaviruses, we designed a focused high-coverage CRISPR-Cas9 library targeting 332 members of a recently published SARS-CoV-2 protein interactome. We leveraged the compact nature of this library to systematically screen SARS-CoV-2 at two physiologically relevant temperatures along with three related coronaviruses (human coronavirus 229E [HCoV-229E], HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-OC43), allowing us to probe this interactome at a much higher resolution than genome-scale studies. This approach yielded several insights, including potential virus-specific differences in Rab GTPase requirements and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor biosynthesis, as well as identification of multiple pan-coronavirus factors involved in cholesterol homeostasis. This coronavirus essentiality catalog could inform ongoing drug development efforts aimed at intercepting and treating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and help prepare for future coronavirus outbreaks. Less
Electron crystallography of sub-micrometre-sized D protein crystals has emerged recently as a valuable field of structural biology In meso crystallization methods utilizing lipidic mesophases particularly lipidic cubic phases LCPs can produce high-quality D crystals of membrane proteins MPs A major step towards realizing D electron crystallography of MP crystals grown in meso is to demonstrate electron diffraction from such crystals The first task is to remove the viscous and sticky lipidic matrix that surrounds the crystals without damaging the crystals Additionally the crystals have to be thin enough to let electrons traverse them without significant multiple scattering In the present ... More
Electron crystallography of sub-micrometre-sized 3D protein crystals has emerged recently as a valuable field of structural biology. In meso crystallization methods, utilizing lipidic mesophases, particularly lipidic cubic phases (LCPs), can produce high-quality 3D crystals of membrane proteins (MPs). A major step towards realizing 3D electron crystallography of MP crystals, grown in meso, is to demonstrate electron diffraction from such crystals. The first task is to remove the viscous and sticky lipidic matrix that surrounds the crystals without damaging the crystals. Additionally, the crystals have to be thin enough to let electrons traverse them without significant multiple scattering. In the present work, the concept that focused ion beam milling at cryogenic temperatures (cryo-FIB milling) can be used to remove excess host lipidic mesophase matrix is experimentally verified, and then the crystals are thinned to a thickness suitable for electron diffraction. In this study, bacteriorhodopsin (BR) crystals grown in a lipidic cubic mesophase of monoolein were used as a model system. LCP from a part of a hexagon-shaped plate-like BR crystal (∼10 µm in thickness and ∼70 µm in the longest dimension), which was flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen, was milled away with a gallium FIB under cryogenic conditions, and a part of the crystal itself was thinned into a ∼210 nm-thick lamella with the ion beam. The frozen sample was then transferred into an electron cryo-microscope, and a nanovolume of ∼1400 × 1400 × 210 nm of the BR lamella was exposed to 200 kV electrons at a fluence of ∼0.06 e Å−2. The resulting electron diffraction peaks were detected beyond 2.7 Å resolution (with an average peak height to background ratio of >2) by a CMOS-based Ceta 16M camera. The results demonstrate that cryo-FIB milling produces high-quality lamellae from crystals grown in lipidic mesophases and pave the way for 3D electron crystallography on crystals grown or embedded in highly viscous media. Less
Structural studies of challenging targets such as G protein-coupled receptors GPCRs have accelerated during the last several years due to the development of new approaches including small-wedge and serial crystallography Here we describe the deposition of seven datasets consisting of X-ray diffraction images acquired from lipidic cubic phase LCP grown microcrystals of two human GPCRs Cysteinyl leukotriene receptors and CysLT R and CysLT R in complex with various antagonists Five datasets were collected using small-wedge synchrotron crystallography SWSX at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility with multiple crystals under cryo-conditions Two datasets were collected using X-ray free electron laser XFEL serial ... More
Structural studies of challenging targets such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have accelerated during the last several years due to the development of new approaches, including small-wedge and serial crystallography. Here, we describe the deposition of seven datasets consisting of X-ray diffraction images acquired from lipidic cubic phase (LCP) grown microcrystals of two human GPCRs, Cysteinyl leukotriene receptors 1 and 2 (CysLT1R and CysLT2R), in complex with various antagonists. Five datasets were collected using small-wedge synchrotron crystallography (SWSX) at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility with multiple crystals under cryo-conditions. Two datasets were collected using X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) at the Linac Coherent Light Source, with microcrystals delivered at room temperature into the beam within LCP matrix by a viscous media microextrusion injector. All seven datasets have been deposited in the open-access databases Zenodo and CXIDB. Here, we describe sample preparation and annotate crystallization conditions for each partial and full datasets. We also document full processing pipelines and provide wrapper scripts for SWSX and SFX data processing. Less
In this paper we applied EfficientNet a scalable deep convolution neural network with a custom data augmentation stage to a public protein crystallization image dataset called MARCO The MARCO dataset has protein crystallization images collected from several well-known institutions In our experiments EfficientNet outperformed the accuracies reported in the previous studies and it reached an overall testing and validation accuracy on the dataset Also EfficientNet achieved crystal detection accuracy in testing data which is significant improvement over existing studies
Excitatory amino acid transporters EAATs harness Na K and H gradients for fast and efficient glutamate removal from the synaptic cleft Since each glutamate is cotransported with three Na ions Na gradients are the predominant driving force for glutamate uptake We combined all-atom molecular dynamics simulations fluorescence spectroscopy and x-ray crystallography to study Na substrate coupling in the EAAT homolog GltPh A lipidic cubic phase x-ray crystal structure of wild-type Na -only bound GltPh at - resolution revealed the fully open outward-facing state primed for subsequent substrate binding Simulations and kinetic experiments established that only the binding of two Na ... More
Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) harness [Na+], [K+], and [H+] gradients for fast and efficient glutamate removal from the synaptic cleft. Since each glutamate is cotransported with three Na+ ions, [Na+] gradients are the predominant driving force for glutamate uptake. We combined all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, fluorescence spectroscopy, and x-ray crystallography to study Na+:substrate coupling in the EAAT homolog GltPh. A lipidic cubic phase x-ray crystal structure of wild-type, Na+-only bound GltPh at 2.5-Å resolution revealed the fully open, outward-facing state primed for subsequent substrate binding. Simulations and kinetic experiments established that only the binding of two Na+ ions to the Na1 and Na3 sites ensures complete HP2 gate opening via a conformational selection-like mechanism and enables high-affinity substrate binding via electrostatic attraction. The combination of Na+-stabilized gate opening and electrostatic coupling of aspartate to Na+ binding provides a constant Na+:substrate transport stoichiometry over a broad range of neurotransmitter concentrations. Less
Transferrins function in iron sequestration and iron transport by binding iron tightly and reversibly Vertebrate transferrins coordinate iron through interactions with two tyrosines an aspartate a histidine and a carbonate anion and conformational changes that occur upon iron binding and release have been described Much less is known about the structure and functions of insect transferrin- Tsf which is present in hemolymph and influences iron homeostasis mostly by unknown mechanisms Amino acid sequence and biochemical analyses have suggested that iron coordination by Tsf differs from that of the vertebrate transferrins Here we report the first crystal structure resolution of an ... More
Transferrins function in iron sequestration and iron transport by binding iron tightly and reversibly. Vertebrate transferrins coordinate iron through interactions with two tyrosines, an aspartate, a histidine, and a carbonate anion, and conformational changes that occur upon iron binding and release have been described. Much less is known about the structure and functions of insect transferrin-1 (Tsf1), which is present in hemolymph and influences iron homeostasis mostly by unknown mechanisms. Amino acid sequence and biochemical analyses have suggested that iron coordination by Tsf1 differs from that of the vertebrate transferrins. Here we report the first crystal structure (2.05 Å resolution) of an insect transferrin. Manduca sexta (MsTsf1) in the holo form exhibits a bilobal fold similar to that of vertebrate transferrins, but its carboxyl-lobe adopts a novel orientation and contacts with the amino-lobe. The structure revealed coordination of a single Fe3+ ion in the amino-lobe through Tyr90, Tyr204, and two carbonate anions. One carbonate anion is buried near the ferric ion and is coordinated by four residues, whereas the other carbonate anion is solvent exposed and coordinated by Asn121. Notably, these residues are highly conserved in Tsf1 orthologs. Docking analysis suggested that the solvent exposed carbonate position is capable of binding alternative anions. These findings provide a structural basis for understanding Tsf1 function in iron sequestration and transport in insects as well as insight into the similarities and differences in iron homeostasis between insects and humans. Less
Phytoplankton is the base of the marine food chain oxygen carbon cycle playing a global role in climate and ecology Nucleocytoplasmic Large DNA Viruses regulating the dynamics of phytoplankton comprise genes of rhodopsins of two distinct families We present a function-structure characterization of two homologous proteins representatives of family of viral rhodopsins OLPVR and VirChR VirChR is a highly selective Ca -dependent Na K - conducting channel and in contrast to known cation channelrhodopsins ChRs is impermeable to Ca ions In human neuroblastoma cells upon illumination VirChR depolarizes the cell membrane to a level sufficient to fire neurons It suggests ... More
Phytoplankton is the base of the marine food chain, oxygen, carbon cycle playing a global role in climate and ecology. Nucleocytoplasmic Large DNA Viruses regulating the dynamics of phytoplankton comprise genes of rhodopsins of two distinct families. We present a function-structure characterization of two homologous proteins representatives of family 1 of viral rhodopsins, OLPVR1 and VirChR1. VirChR1 is a highly selective, Ca2+-dependent, Na+/K+- conducting channel and, in contrast to known cation channelrhodopsins (ChRs), is impermeable to Ca2+ ions. In human neuroblastoma cells, upon illumination, VirChR1 depolarizes the cell membrane to a level sufficient to fire neurons. It suggests its unique optogenetic potential. 1.4 Å resolution structure of OLPVR1 reveals their remarkable difference from the known channelrhodopsins and a unique ion-conducting pathway. The data suggest that viral channelrhodopsins mediate phototaxis of algae enhancing the host anabolic processes to support virus reproduction, and therefore, their key role in global phytoplankton dynamics. Less
The role of gene expression during learning and in short-term memories has been studied extensively but less is known about remote memories which can persist for a lifetime Here we used long-term contextual fear memory as a paradigm to probe the single-cell gene expression landscape that underlies remote memory storage in the medial prefrontal cortex We found persistent activity-specific transcriptional alterations in diverse populations of neurons that lasted for weeks after fear learning Out of a vast plasticity-coding space we identified genes associated with membrane fusion that could have important roles in the maintenance of remote memory Unexpectedly astrocytes and ... More
The role of gene expression during learning and in short-term memories has been studied extensively1,2,3, but less is known about remote memories, which can persist for a lifetime4. Here we used long-term contextual fear memory as a paradigm to probe the single-cell gene expression landscape that underlies remote memory storage in the medial prefrontal cortex. We found persistent activity-specific transcriptional alterations in diverse populations of neurons that lasted for weeks after fear learning. Out of a vast plasticity-coding space, we identified genes associated with membrane fusion that could have important roles in the maintenance of remote memory. Unexpectedly, astrocytes and microglia also acquired persistent gene expression signatures that were associated with remote memory, suggesting that they actively contribute to memory circuits. The discovery of gene expression programmes associated with remote memory engrams adds an important dimension of activity-dependent cellular states to existing brain taxonomy atlases and sheds light on the elusive mechanisms of remote memory storage. Less
Bacteria are encapsulated by a peptidoglycan cell wall that is essential for their survival During cell wall assembly a lipid-linked disaccharide peptide precursor called lipid II is polymerized and cross-linked to produce mature peptidoglycan As lipid II is polymerized nascent polymers remain membrane-anchored at one end and the other end becomes cross-linked to the matrix How bacteria release newly synthesized peptidoglycan strands from the membrane to complete the synthesis of mature peptidoglycan is a long-standing question Here we show that a Staphylococcus aureus cell wall hydrolase and a membrane protein that contains eight transmembrane helices form a complex that may ... More
Bacteria are encapsulated by a peptidoglycan cell wall that is essential for their survival1. During cell wall assembly, a lipid-linked disaccharide–peptide precursor called lipid II is polymerized and cross-linked to produce mature peptidoglycan. As lipid II is polymerized, nascent polymers remain membrane-anchored at one end, and the other end becomes cross-linked to the matrix2,3,4. How bacteria release newly synthesized peptidoglycan strands from the membrane to complete the synthesis of mature peptidoglycan is a long-standing question. Here, we show that a Staphylococcus aureus cell wall hydrolase and a membrane protein that contains eight transmembrane helices form a complex that may function as a peptidoglycan release factor. The complex cleaves nascent peptidoglycan internally to produce free oligomers as well as lipid-linked oligomers that can undergo further elongation. The polytopic membrane protein, which is similar to a eukaryotic CAAX protease, controls the length of these products. A structure of the complex at a resolution of 2.6 Å shows that the membrane protein scaffolds the hydrolase to orient its active site for cleaving the glycan strand. We propose that this complex functions to detach newly synthesized peptidoglycan polymer from the cell membrane to complete integration into the cell wall matrix. Less
Bacteria are surrounded by a peptidoglycan cell wall that is essential for their survival During cell wall assembly a lipid-linked disaccharide-peptide precursor called Lipid II is polymerized and crosslinked to produce mature peptidoglycan As Lipid II is polymerized nascent polymers remain membrane-anchored at one end and the other end becomes crosslinked to the matrix A longstanding question is how bacteria release newly synthesized peptidoglycan strands from the membrane to complete the synthesis of mature peptidoglycan Here we show that a Staphylococcus aureus cell wall hydrolase and a membrane protein containing eight transmembrane helices form a complex that acts as a ... More
Bacteria are surrounded by a peptidoglycan cell wall that is essential for their survival1. During cell wall assembly, a lipid-linked disaccharide-peptide precursor called Lipid II is polymerized and crosslinked to produce mature peptidoglycan. As Lipid II is polymerized, nascent polymers remain membrane-anchored at one end and the other end becomes crosslinked to the matrix2–4. A longstanding question is how bacteria release newly synthesized peptidoglycan strands from the membrane to complete the synthesis of mature peptidoglycan. Here we show that a Staphylococcus aureus cell wall hydrolase and a membrane protein containing eight transmembrane helices form a complex that acts as a peptidoglycan release factor. The complex cleaves nascent peptidoglycan internally to produce free oligomers as well as lipid-linked oligomers that can undergo further elongation. The polytopic membrane protein, which is similar to a eukaryotic CAAX protease, controls the length of these products. A 2.6 Å resolution structure of the complex shows that the membrane protein scaffolds the hydrolase to orient its active site for cleavage of the glycan strand. We propose that this complex serves to detach newly-synthesized peptidoglycan polymer from the cell membrane to complete integration into the cell wall matrix. Less
In meso crystallization of membrane proteins relies on the use of lipids capable of forming a lipidic cubic phase LCP However almost all previous crystallization trials have used monoacylglycerols with - cis- -octadecanoyl -rac-glycerol MO being the most widely used lipid We now report that EROCOC mixed with w w cholesterol Fig serves as a new matrix for crystallization and a crystal delivery medium in the serial femtosecond crystallography of Adenosine A A receptor A AR The structures of EROCOC -matrix grown A AR crystals were determined at resolution by serial synchrotron rotation crystallography at a cryogenic temperature and at ... More
In meso crystallization of membrane proteins relies on the use of lipids capable of forming a lipidic cubic phase (LCP). However, almost all previous crystallization trials have used monoacylglycerols, with 1-(cis-9-octadecanoyl)-rac-glycerol (MO) being the most widely used lipid. We now report that EROCOC17+4 mixed with 10% (w/w) cholesterol (Fig. 1) serves as a new matrix for crystallization and a crystal delivery medium in the serial femtosecond crystallography of Adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR). The structures of EROCOC17+4-matrix grown A2AR crystals were determined at 2.0 Å resolution by serial synchrotron rotation crystallography at a cryogenic temperature, and at 1.8 Å by LCP-serial femtosecond crystallography, using an X-ray free-electron laser at 4 and 20 °C sample temperatures, and are comparable to the structure of the MO-matrix grown A2AR crystal (PDB ID: 4EIY). Moreover, X-ray scattering measurements indicated that the EROCOC17+4/water system did not form the crystalline LC phase at least down to − 20 °C, in marked contrast to the equilibrium MO/water system, which transforms into the crystalline LC phase below about 17 °C. As the LC phase formation within the LCP-matrix causes difficulties in protein crystallography experiments in meso, this feature of EROCOC17+4 will expand the utility of the in meso method. Less
CYP C from Nocardia farcinica is a P monooxygenase able to hydroxylate a range of steroids with high regio- and stereoselectivity at the -position Using protein and substrate engineering based on the crystal structure of CYP C an altered regioselectivity of the enzyme in steroid hydroxylation could be achieved Thus conversion of progesterone by mutant CYP C F A resulted in formation of the corresponding -hydroxylated product -deoxycorticosterone in addition to -hydroxylation Using MD simulation this altered regioselectivity appeared to result from an alternate binding mode of the steroid in the active site of mutant F A MD simulation further ... More
CYP154C5 from Nocardia farcinica is a P450 monooxygenase able to hydroxylate a range of steroids with high regio- and stereoselectivity at the 16α-position. Using protein and substrate engineering based on the crystal structure of CYP154C5, an altered regioselectivity of the enzyme in steroid hydroxylation could be achieved. Thus, conversion of progesterone by mutant CYP154C5 F92A resulted in formation of the corresponding 21-hydroxylated product 11-deoxycorticosterone in addition to 16α-hydroxylation. Using MD simulation, this altered regioselectivity appeared to result from an alternate binding mode of the steroid in the active site of mutant F92A. MD simulation further suggested that water entrance to the active site caused higher uncoupling in this mutant. Moreover, exclusive 15α-hydroxylation was observed for wild-type CYP154C5 in the conversion of 5α-androstan-3-one, lacking an oxy-functional group at C17. Overall, our data give valuable insight into the structure-function relationship of this cytochrome P450 monooxygenase for steroid hydroxylation. Less
CYP C from Nocardia farcinica is a P monooxygenase able to hydroxylate a range of steroids with high regio- and stereoselectivity at the -position Using protein engineering and substrate modifications based on the crystal structure of CYP C an altered regioselectivity of the enzyme in steroid hydroxylation had been achieved Thus conversion of progesterone by mutant CYP C F A resulted in formation of the corresponding -hydroxylated product -deoxycorticosterone in addition to -hydroxylation Using MD simulation this altered regioselectivity appeared to result from an alternative binding mode of the steroid in the active site of mutant F A MD simulation ... More
CYP154C5 from Nocardia farcinica is a P450 monooxygenase able to hydroxylate a range of steroids with high regio- and stereoselectivity at the 16α-position. Using protein engineering and substrate modifications based on the crystal structure of CYP154C5, an altered regioselectivity of the enzyme in steroid hydroxylation had been achieved. Thus, conversion of progesterone by mutant CYP154C5 F92A resulted in formation of the corresponding 21-hydroxylated product 11-deoxycorticosterone in addition to 16α-hydroxylation. Using MD simulation, this altered regioselectivity appeared to result from an alternative binding mode of the steroid in the active site of mutant F92A. MD simulation further suggested that the entrance of water to the active site caused higher uncoupling in this mutant. Moreover, exclusive 15α-hydroxylation was observed for wild-type CYP154C5 in the conversion of 5α-androstan-3-one, lacking an oxy-functional group at C17. Overall, our data give valuable insight into the structure–function relationship of this cytochrome P450 monooxygenase for steroid hydroxylation. Less
- - protein isoforms regulate multiple processes in eukaryotes including apoptosis and cell division - - proteins preferentially recognize phosphorylated unstructured motifs justifying the protein-peptide binding approach to study - - phosphotarget complexes Tethering of human - - with partner phosphopeptides via a short linker has provided structural information equivalent to the use of synthetic phosphopeptides simultaneously facilitating purification and crystallization Nevertheless the broader applicability to other - - isoforms and phosphopeptides was unclear Here we designed a novel - - chimera with a conserved phosphopeptide from BAD whose complex with - - is a gatekeeper of apoptosis regulation The ... More
14-3-3 protein isoforms regulate multiple processes in eukaryotes, including apoptosis and cell division. 14-3-3 proteins preferentially recognize phosphorylated unstructured motifs, justifying the protein-peptide binding approach to study 14-3-3/phosphotarget complexes. Tethering of human 14-3-3σ with partner phosphopeptides via a short linker has provided structural information equivalent to the use of synthetic phosphopeptides, simultaneously facilitating purification and crystallization. Nevertheless, the broader applicability to other 14-3-3 isoforms and phosphopeptides was unclear. Here, we designed a novel 14-3-3ζ chimera with a conserved phosphopeptide from BAD, whose complex with 14-3-3 is a gatekeeper of apoptosis regulation. The chimera could be bacterially expressed and purified without affinity tags. Co-expressed PKA efficiently phosphorylates BAD within the chimera and blocks its interaction with a known 14-3-3 phosphotarget, suggesting occupation of the 14-3-3 grooves by the tethered BAD phosphopeptide. Efficient crystallization of the engineered protein suggests suitability of the “chimeric” approach for studies of other relevant 14-3-3 complexes. Less
SARS-CoV- is a betacoronavirus virus responsible for the COVID- pandemic Here we determined the X-ray crystal structure of a potent neutralizing monoclonal antibody CV isolated from a patient infected with SARS-CoV- in complex with the receptor binding domain RBD The structure reveals CV s epitope overlaps with the human ACE receptor binding site thus providing the structural basis for its neutralization by preventing ACE binding
PDGF VEGF ligands regulate a plethora of biological processes in multicellular organisms via autocrine paracrine and endocrine mechanisms We investigated organ-specific metabolic roles of Drosophila PDGF VEGF-like factors Pvfs We combine genetic approaches and single-nuclei sequencing to demonstrate that muscle-derived Pvf signals to the Drosophila hepatocyte-like cells oenocytes to suppress lipid synthesis by activating the Pi K Akt TOR signaling cascade in the oenocytes Functionally this signaling axis regulates expansion of adipose tissue lipid stores in newly eclosed flies Flies emerge after pupation with limited adipose tissue lipid stores and lipid level is progressively accumulated via lipid synthesis We find ... More
PDGF/VEGF ligands regulate a plethora of biological processes in multicellular organisms via autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine mechanisms. We investigated organ-specific metabolic roles of Drosophila PDGF/VEGF-like factors (Pvfs). We combine genetic approaches and single-nuclei sequencing to demonstrate that muscle-derived Pvf1 signals to the Drosophila hepatocyte-like cells/oenocytes to suppress lipid synthesis by activating the Pi3K/Akt1/TOR signaling cascade in the oenocytes. Functionally, this signaling axis regulates expansion of adipose tissue lipid stores in newly eclosed flies. Flies emerge after pupation with limited adipose tissue lipid stores and lipid level is progressively accumulated via lipid synthesis. We find that adult muscle-specific expression of pvf1 increases rapidly during this stage and that muscle-to-oenocyte Pvf1 signaling inhibits expansion of adipose tissue lipid stores as the process reaches completion. Our findings provide the first evidence in a metazoan of a PDGF/VEGF ligand acting as a myokine that regulates systemic lipid homeostasis by activating TOR in hepatocyte-like cells. Less
There is an increasing demand for rapid effective methods to identify and detect protein micro- and nano-crystal suspensions for serial diffraction data collection at X-ray free-electron lasers or high-intensity micro-focus synchrotron radiation sources Here we demonstrate a compact multimodal multiphoton microscope driven by a fiber-based ultrafast laser enabling excitation wavelengths at nm and nm for nonlinear optical imaging which simultaneously records second-harmonic generation third-harmonic generation and three-photon excited ultraviolet fluorescence to identify and detect protein crystals with high sensitivity The instrument serves as a valuable and important tool supporting sample scoring and sample optimization in biomolecular crystallography which we hope ... More
There is an increasing demand for rapid, effective methods to identify and detect protein micro- and nano-crystal suspensions for serial diffraction data collection at X-ray free-electron lasers or high-intensity micro-focus synchrotron radiation sources. Here, we demonstrate a compact multimodal, multiphoton microscope, driven by a fiber-based ultrafast laser, enabling excitation wavelengths at 775 nm and 1300 nm for nonlinear optical imaging, which simultaneously records second-harmonic generation, third-harmonic generation and three-photon excited ultraviolet fluorescence to identify and detect protein crystals with high sensitivity. The instrument serves as a valuable and important tool supporting sample scoring and sample optimization in biomolecular crystallography, which we hope will increase the capabilities and productivity of serial diffraction data collection in the future. Less
Mutations in the calcium-binding protein calsequestrin cause a highly lethal familial arrhythmia catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia CPVT In vivo calsequestrin multimerizes into filaments but a compelling atomic-resolution structure of a calsequestrin filament is lacking We report a crystal structure of a cardiac calsequestrin filament with supporting mutation analysis provided by an in vitro fomentation assay We also report and characterize a novel disease-associated calsequestrin mutation S I which localizes to the filament-forming interface In addition we show that a previously reported dominant disease mutation K R maps to the same multimerization surface Both mutations disrupt filamentation suggesting that dominant disease ... More
Mutations in the calcium-binding protein calsequestrin cause a highly lethal familial arrhythmia, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT). In vivo, calsequestrin multimerizes into filaments, but a compelling atomic-resolution structure of a calsequestrin filament is lacking. We report a crystal structure of a cardiac calsequestrin filament with supporting mutation analysis provided by an in vitro fomentation assay. We also report and characterize a novel disease-associated calsequestrin mutation, S173I, which localizes to the filament-forming interface. In addition, we show that a previously reported dominant disease mutation, K180R, maps to the same multimerization surface. Both mutations disrupt filamentation, suggesting that dominant disease arises from defects in multimer formation. A ytterbium-derivatized structure pinpoints multiple credible calcium sites at filament-forming interfaces, explaining the atomic basis of calsequestrin filamentation in the presence of calcium. This work advances our understanding of calsequestrin biochemistry and provides a unifying structure-function molecular mechanism by which dominant-acting calsequestrin mutations provoke lethal arrhythmias. Less
Bright yellow BY- tobacco cells combined with the XVE chemically inducible system are one of the most promising plant-based platforms for recombinant protein production This offers a range of benefits including the separation of the cell growth and heterologous gene expression lack of risk of infecting the end product with prions and human viruses or appropriate protein glycosylation and folding However low protein productivity remains a major obstacle that limits the extensive commercialization of bioproduction in plants A number of molecular cell culture and down processing approaches have been made to overcome this problem Media development for the specific nutritional ... More
Bright yellow (BY-2) tobacco cells combined with the XVE chemically inducible system are one of the most promising plant-based platforms for recombinant protein production. This offers a range of benefits, including the separation of the cell growth and heterologous gene expression, lack of risk of infecting the end product with prions and human viruses or appropriate protein glycosylation and folding. However, low protein productivity remains a major obstacle that limits the extensive commercialization of bioproduction in plants. A number of molecular, cell culture and down processing approaches have been made to overcome this problem. Media development for the specific nutritional and hormonal requirements of transgenic plant cells is one of the most efficient cell-culture approaches. We optimized the induction medium towards recombinant protein production in BY-2 and demonstrated the usefulness of evolutionary medium optimization for high-yield protein production in liquid plant cultures. A reliable XVE/GFP model, parallel conducting experiments in a microscale on 96-well plates, and dedicated Gene Game evolutionary optimization software allowed for an effective search of 7611 possible solutions of 11-component media. Within the 4608 formulations tested, the Induct X medium was found with a significant 107.14% increase in protein expression in relation to the standard BY-2 medium. Less
Fungal aryl-alcohol oxidases AAOx are extracellular flavoenzymes that belong to glucose-methanol-choline oxidoreductase family and are responsible for the selective conversion of primary aromatic alcohols into aldehydes and aromatic aldehydes to their corresponding acids with concomitant production of hydrogen peroxide H O as by-product The H O can be provided to lignin degradation pathway a biotechnological property explored in biofuel production In the thermophilic fungus Thermothelomyces thermophilus formerly Myceliophthora thermophila just one AAOx was identified in the exo-proteome
Using coevolution-network interference based on the comparison of two phylogenetically distantly related isolates one from the main group M and the other from the minor group O of HIV- we identify in the C-terminal domain CTD of integrase a new functional motif constituted by four non-contiguous amino acids N K N K Mutating the lysines abolishes integration through decreased -processing and inefficient nuclear import of reverse transcribed genomes Solution of the crystal structures of wt and mutated CTDs shows that the motif generates a positive surface potential that is important for integration The number of charges in the motif appears ... More
Using coevolution-network interference based on the comparison of two phylogenetically distantly related isolates, one from the main group M and the other from the minor group O of HIV-1, we identify, in the C-terminal domain (CTD) of integrase, a new functional motif constituted by four non-contiguous amino acids (N222K240N254K273). Mutating the lysines abolishes integration through decreased 3’-processing and inefficient nuclear import of reverse transcribed genomes. Solution of the crystal structures of wt and mutated CTDs shows that the motif generates a positive surface potential that is important for integration. The number of charges in the motif appears more crucial than their position within the motif. Indeed, the positions of the K could be permutated or additional K could be inserted in the motif, generally without affecting integration per se. Despite this potential genetic flexibility, the NKNK arrangement is strictly conserved in natural sequences, indicative of an effective purifying selection exerted at steps other than integration. Accordingly, reverse transcription was reduced even in the mutants that retained wt integration levels, indicating that specifically the wt sequence is optimal for carrying out the multiple functions integrase exerts. We propose that the existence of several amino acids arrangements within the motif, with comparable efficiencies of integration per se, might have constituted an asset for the acquisition of additional functions during viral evolution. Less
Immuno-oncology approaches that utilize T cell receptors TCRs are becoming highly attractive because of their potential to target virtually all cellular proteins including cancer-specific epitopes via the recognition of peptide-human leukocyte antigen pHLA complexes presented at the cell surface However because natural TCRs generally recognize cancer-derived pHLAs with very weak affinities efforts have been made to enhance their binding strength in some cases by several million-fold In this study we investigated the mechanisms underpinning human TCR affinity enhancement by comparing the crystal structures of engineered enhanced affinity TCRs with those of their wild-type progenitors Additionally we performed molecular dynamics simulations ... More
Immuno-oncology approaches that utilize T cell receptors (TCRs) are becoming highly attractive because of their potential to target virtually all cellular proteins, including cancer-specific epitopes, via the recognition of peptide-human leukocyte antigen (pHLA) complexes presented at the cell surface. However, because natural TCRs generally recognize cancer-derived pHLAs with very weak affinities, efforts have been made to enhance their binding strength, in some cases by several million-fold. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underpinning human TCR affinity enhancement by comparing the crystal structures of engineered enhanced affinity TCRs with those of their wild-type progenitors. Additionally, we performed molecular dynamics simulations to better understand the energetic mechanisms driving the affinity enhancements. These data demonstrate that supra-physiological binding affinities can be achieved without altering native TCR-pHLA binding modes via relatively subtle modifications to the interface contacts, often driven through the addition of buried hydrophobic residues. Individual energetic components of the TCR-pHLA interaction governing affinity enhancements were distinct and highly variable for each TCR, often resulting from additive, or knock-on, effects beyond the mutated residues. This comprehensive analysis of affinity-enhanced TCRs has important implications for the future rational design of engineered TCRs as efficacious and safe drugs for cancer treatment. Less
The genus Streptomyces is characterized by the production of a wide variety of secondary metabolites with remarkable biological activities and broad antibiotic capabilities The presence of an unprecedented number of genes encoding hydrolytic enzymes with industrial appeal such as epoxide hydrolases EHs reveals its resourceful microscopic machinery The whole-genome sequence of Streptomyces sp CBMAI an endophytic actinobacterium isolated from Citrus sinensis branches was explored by genome mining and a putative -epoxide hydrolase named B EPH and encoded by amino acids was selected for functional and structural studies The crystal structure of B EPH was obtained at a resolution of and ... More
The genus Streptomyces is characterized by the production of a wide variety of secondary metabolites with remarkable biological activities and broad antibiotic capabilities. The presence of an unprecedented number of genes encoding hydrolytic enzymes with industrial appeal such as epoxide hydrolases (EHs) reveals its resourceful microscopic machinery. The whole-genome sequence of Streptomyces sp. CBMAI 2042, an endophytic actinobacterium isolated from Citrus sinensis branches, was explored by genome mining, and a putative α/β-epoxide hydrolase named B1EPH2 and encoded by 344 amino acids was selected for functional and structural studies. The crystal structure of B1EPH2 was obtained at a resolution of 2.2 Å and it was found to have a similar fold to other EHs, despite its hexameric quaternary structure, which contrasts with previously solved dimeric and monomeric EH structures. While B1EPH2 has a high sequence similarity to EHB from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, its cavity is similar to that of human EH. A group of 12 aromatic and aliphatic racemic epoxides were assayed to determine the activity of B1EPH2; remarkably, this enzyme was able to hydrolyse all the epoxides to the respective 1,2-diols, indicating a wide-range substrate scope acceptance. Moreover, the (R)- and (S)-enantiomers of styrene oxide, epichlorohydrin and 1,2-epoxybutane were used to monitor enantiopreference. Taken together, the functional and structural analyses indicate that this enzyme is an attractive biocatalyst for future biotechnological applications. Less
Cation-chloride cotransporters CCCs regulate the movement of chloride across membranes controlling physiological processes from cell volume maintenance to neuronal signaling Human CCCs are clinical targets for existing diuretics and potentially additional indications Here we report the X-ray crystal structure of the soluble C-terminal regulatory domain of a eukaryotic potassium-chloride cotransporter Caenorhabditis elegans KCC- We observe a core a fold conserved among CCCs Using structure-based sequence alignment we analyze similarities and differences to the C-terminal domains of other CCC family members We find that important regulatory motifs are in less-structured regions and residues important for dimerization are not widely conserved suggesting ... More
Cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs) regulate the movement of chloride across membranes, controlling physiological processes from cell volume maintenance to neuronal signaling. Human CCCs are clinical targets for existing diuretics and potentially additional indications. Here, we report the X-ray crystal structure of the soluble C-terminal regulatory domain of a eukaryotic potassium-chloride cotransporter, Caenorhabditis elegans KCC-1. We observe a core a/� fold conserved among CCCs. Using structure-based sequence alignment, we analyze similarities and differences to the C-terminal domains of other CCC family members. We find that important regulatory motifs are in less-structured regions and residues important for dimerization are not widely conserved, suggesting that oligomerization and its effects may vary within the larger family. This snapshot of a eukaryotic KCC is a valuable starting point for the rational design of studies of cellular chloride regulation. Less
Ageing is characterised by cellular senescence leading to imbalanced tissue maintenance cell death and compromised organ function This is first observed in the thymus the primary lymphoid organ that generates and selects T cells However the molecular and cellular mechanisms underpinning these ageing processes remain unclear Here we show that mouse ageing leads to less efficient T cell selection decreased self-antigen representation and increased T cell receptor repertoire diversity Using a combination of single-cell RNA-seq and lineage-tracing we find that progenitor cells are the principal targets of ageing whereas the function of individual mature thymic epithelial cells is compromised only ... More
Ageing is characterised by cellular senescence, leading to imbalanced tissue maintenance, cell death and compromised organ function. This is first observed in the thymus, the primary lymphoid organ that generates and selects T cells. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underpinning these ageing processes remain unclear. Here, we show that mouse ageing leads to less efficient T cell selection, decreased self-antigen representation and increased T cell receptor repertoire diversity. Using a combination of single-cell RNA-seq and lineage-tracing, we find that progenitor cells are the principal targets of ageing, whereas the function of individual mature thymic epithelial cells is compromised only modestly. Specifically, an early-life precursor cell population, retained in the mouse cortex postnatally, is virtually extinguished at puberty. Concomitantly, a medullary precursor cell quiesces, thereby impairing maintenance of the medullary epithelium. Thus, ageing disrupts thymic progenitor differentiation and impairs the core immunological functions of the thymus. Less
Lung cancer the leading cause of cancer mortality exhibits heterogeneity that enables adaptability limits therapeutic success and remains incompletely understood Single-cell RNA sequencing scRNA-seq of metastatic lung cancer was performed using clinical biopsies obtained from patients before and during targeted therapy Over cancer and tumor microenvironment TME single-cell profiles exposed a rich and dynamic tumor ecosystem scRNA-seq of cancer cells illuminated targetable oncogenes beyond those detected clinically Cancer cells surviving therapy as residual disease RD expressed an alveolar-regenerative cell signature suggesting a therapy-induced primitive cell-state transition whereas those present at on-therapy progressive disease PD upregulated kynurenine plasminogen and gap-junction pathways ... More
Lung cancer, the leading cause of cancer mortality, exhibits heterogeneity that enables adaptability, limits therapeutic success, and remains incompletely understood. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of metastatic lung cancer was performed using 49 clinical biopsies obtained from 30 patients before and during targeted therapy. Over 20,000 cancer and tumor microenvironment (TME) single-cell profiles exposed a rich and dynamic tumor ecosystem. scRNA-seq of cancer cells illuminated targetable oncogenes beyond those detected clinically. Cancer cells surviving therapy as residual disease (RD) expressed an alveolar-regenerative cell signature suggesting a therapy-induced primitive cell-state transition, whereas those present at on-therapy progressive disease (PD) upregulated kynurenine, plasminogen, and gap-junction pathways. Active T-lymphocytes and decreased macrophages were present at RD and immunosuppressive cell states characterized PD. Biological features revealed by scRNA-seq were biomarkers of clinical outcomes in independent cohorts. This study highlights how therapy-induced adaptation of the multi-cellular ecosystem of metastatic cancer shapes clinical outcomes. Less
Pathogenic coronaviruses are a major threat to global public health as exemplified by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS-CoV Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS-CoV and the newly emerged SARS-CoV- the causative agent of coronavirus disease COVID- We describe herein the structure-guided optimization of a series of inhibitors of the coronavirus C-like protease CLpro an enzyme essential for viral replication The optimized compounds were effective against several human coronaviruses including MERS-CoV SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV- in an enzyme assay and in cell-based assays using Huh- and Vero E cell lines Two selected compounds showed antiviral effects against SARS-CoV- in cultured primary ... More
Pathogenic coronaviruses are a major threat to global public health, as exemplified by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We describe herein the structure-guided optimization of a series of inhibitors of the coronavirus 3C-like protease (3CLpro), an enzyme essential for viral replication. The optimized compounds were effective against several human coronaviruses including MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 in an enzyme assay and in cell-based assays using Huh-7 and Vero E6 cell lines. Two selected compounds showed antiviral effects against SARS-CoV-2 in cultured primary human airway epithelial cells. In a mouse model of MERS-CoV infection, administration of a lead compound 1 day after virus infection increased survival from 0 to 100% and reduced lung viral titers and lung histopathology. These results suggest that this series of compounds has the potential to be developed further as antiviral drugs against human coronaviruses. Less
Ghrelin is a gastric peptide hormone with important physiological functions The unique feature of ghrelin is its Serine acyl-modification which is essential for ghrelin s activity However it remains to be elucidated why the acyl-modification of ghrelin is necessary for activity To address these questions we solved the crystal structure of the ghrelin receptor bound to antagonist The ligand-binding pocket of the ghrelin receptor is bifurcated by a salt bridge between E and R A striking feature of the ligand-binding pocket of the ghrelin receptor is a wide gap crevasse between the TM and TM bundles that is rich in ... More
Ghrelin is a gastric peptide hormone with important physiological functions. The unique feature of ghrelin is its Serine 3 acyl-modification, which is essential for ghrelin’s activity. However, it remains to be elucidated why the acyl-modification of ghrelin is necessary for activity. To address these questions, we solved the crystal structure of the ghrelin receptor bound to antagonist. The ligand-binding pocket of the ghrelin receptor is bifurcated by a salt bridge between E124 and R283. A striking feature of the ligand-binding pocket of the ghrelin receptor is a wide gap (crevasse) between the TM6 and TM7 bundles that is rich in hydrophobic amino acids, including a cluster of phenylalanine residues. Mutagenesis analyses suggest that the interaction between the gap structure and the acyl acid moiety of ghrelin may participate in transforming the ghrelin receptor into an active conformation. Less
In biology it is often critical to determine the identity of an organism and phenotypic traits of interest Whole-genome sequencing can be useful for this but has limited power for trait prediction However we can take advantage of the inherent information content of phenotypes to bypass these limitations We demonstrate in clinical and environmental bacterial isolates that growth dynamics in standardized conditions can differentiate between genotypes even among strains from the same species We find that for pairs of isolates there is little correlation between genetic distance according to phylogenetic analysis and phenotypic distance as determined by growth dynamics This ... More
In biology, it is often critical to determine the identity of an organism and phenotypic traits of interest. Whole-genome sequencing can be useful for this but has limited power for trait prediction. However, we can take advantage of the inherent information content of phenotypes to bypass these limitations. We demonstrate, in clinical and environmental bacterial isolates, that growth dynamics in standardized conditions can differentiate between genotypes, even among strains from the same species. We find that for pairs of isolates, there is little correlation between genetic distance, according to phylogenetic analysis, and phenotypic distance, as determined by growth dynamics. This absence of correlation underscores the challenge in using genomics to infer phenotypes and vice versa. Bypassing this complexity, we show that growth dynamics alone can robustly predict antibiotic responses. These findings are a foundation for a method to identify traits not easily traced to a genetic mechanism. Less
T cell-mediated immunity is governed primarily by T cell receptor TCR recognition of peptide-human leukocyte antigen pHLA complexes and is essential for immunosurveillance and disease control This interaction is generally stabilized by interactions between the HLA surface and TCR germline-encoded complementarity-determining region CDR loops and whereas peptide selectivity is guided by direct interactions with the TCR CDR loops Here we solved the structure of a newly identified TCR in complex with a clinically relevant peptide derived from the cancer testis antigen melanoma antigen-A MAGE-A The TCR bound pHLA in a position shifted toward the peptide's N terminus This enabled the ... More
T cell-mediated immunity is governed primarily by T cell receptor (TCR) recognition of peptide-human leukocyte antigen (pHLA) complexes and is essential for immunosurveillance and disease control. This interaction is generally stabilized by interactions between the HLA surface and TCR germline-encoded complementarity-determining region (CDR) loops 1 and 2, whereas peptide selectivity is guided by direct interactions with the TCR CDR3 loops. Here, we solved the structure of a newly identified TCR in complex with a clinically relevant peptide derived from the cancer testis antigen melanoma antigen-A4 (MAGE-A4). The TCR bound pHLA in a position shifted toward the peptide's N terminus. This enabled the TCR to achieve peptide selectivity via an indirect mechanism, whereby the TCR sensed the first residue of the peptide through HLA residue Trp-167, which acted as a tunable gateway. Amino acid substitutions at peptide position 1 predicted to alter the HLA Trp-167 side-chain conformation abrogated TCR binding, indicating that this indirect binding mechanism is essential for peptide recognition. These findings extend our understanding of the molecular rules that underpin antigen recognition by TCRs and have important implications for the development of TCR-based therapies. Less
Baculovirus mediated-insect cell expression systems have been widely used for producing heterogeneous proteins However to date there is still the lack of an easy-to-manipulate system that enables the high-throughput protein characterization in insect cells by taking advantage of large existing Gateway clone libraries To resolve this limitation we have constructed a suite of Gateway-compatible pIEx-derived baculovirus expression vectors that allow the rapid and cost-effective construction of expression clones for mass parallel protein expression in insect cells This vector collection also supports the attachment of a variety of fusion tags to target proteins to meet the needs for different research applications ... More
Baculovirus mediated-insect cell expression systems have been widely used for producing heterogeneous proteins. However, to date, there is still the lack of an easy-to-manipulate system that enables the high-throughput protein characterization in insect cells by taking advantage of large existing Gateway clone libraries. To resolve this limitation, we have constructed a suite of Gateway-compatible pIEx-derived baculovirus expression vectors that allow the rapid and cost-effective construction of expression clones for mass parallel protein expression in insect cells. This vector collection also supports the attachment of a variety of fusion tags to target proteins to meet the needs for different research applications. We first demonstrated the utility of these vectors for protein expression and purification using a set of 40 target proteins of various sizes, cellular localizations and host organisms. We then established a scalable pipeline coupled with the SONICC and TEM techniques to screen for microcrystal formation within living insect cells. Using this pipeline, we successfully identified microcrystals for ~ 16% of the tested protein set, which can be potentially used for structure elucidation by X-ray crystallography. In summary, we have established a versatile pipeline enabling parallel gene cloning, protein expression and purification, and in vivo microcrystal screening for structural studies. Less
Knowledge of both apo and holo states of riboswitches aid in elucidating the various mechanisms of ligand-induced conformational switching that underpin their gene-regulating capabilities Previous structural studies on the flavin mononucleotide FMN -binding aptamer of the FMN riboswitch however have revealed minimal conformational changes associated with ligand binding that do not adequately explain the basis for the switching behavior We have determined a - resolution crystal structure of the ligand-free FMN riboswitch aptamer that is distinct from previously reported structures particularly in the conformation and orientation of the P and P helices The nearly symmetrical tertiary structure provides a mechanism ... More
Knowledge of both apo and holo states of riboswitches aid in elucidating the various mechanisms of ligand-induced conformational “switching” that underpin their gene-regulating capabilities. Previous structural studies on the flavin mononucleotide (FMN)-binding aptamer of the FMN riboswitch, however, have revealed minimal conformational changes associated with ligand binding that do not adequately explain the basis for the switching behavior. We have determined a 2.7-Å resolution crystal structure of the ligand-free FMN riboswitch aptamer that is distinct from previously reported structures, particularly in the conformation and orientation of the P1 and P4 helices. The nearly symmetrical tertiary structure provides a mechanism by which one of two pairs of adjacent helices (P3/P4 or P1/P6) undergo collinear stacking in a mutually exclusive manner, in the absence or presence of ligand, respectively. Comparison of these structures suggests the stem-loop that includes P4 and L4 is important for maintaining a global conformational state that, in the absence of ligand, disfavors formation of the P1 regulatory helix. Together, these results provide further insight to the structural basis for conformational switching of the FMN riboswitch. Less
Complete genome sequencing of the kinetoplastid protozoans Trypanosoma cruzi Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania major Tritryp published in opened up new perspectives for drug development targeting Chagas disease African sleeping sickness and Leishmaniasis neglected diseases affecting millions of most economically disadvantaged people Still half of the Tritryp genes code for proteins of unknown function Moreover almost of conserved eukaryotic protein domains are missing in the Tritryp genomes This suggests that functional and structural characterization of proteins of unknown function could reveal novel protein folds used by the trypanosomes for common cellular processes Furthermore proteins without homologous counterparts in humans may provide ... More
Complete genome sequencing of the kinetoplastid protozoans Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania major (Tritryp), published in 2005, opened up new perspectives for drug development targeting Chagas disease, African sleeping sickness and Leishmaniasis, neglected diseases affecting millions of most economically disadvantaged people. Still, half of the Tritryp genes code for proteins of unknown function. Moreover, almost 50% of conserved eukaryotic protein domains are missing in the Tritryp genomes. This suggests that functional and structural characterization of proteins of unknown function could reveal novel protein folds used by the trypanosomes for common cellular processes. Furthermore, proteins without homologous counterparts in humans may provide potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Here we describe the crystal structure of the T. cruzi protein Q4D6Q6, a conserved and kinetoplastid-specific protein essential for cell viability. Q4D6Q6 is a representative of a family of 20 orthologs, all annotated as proteins of unknown function. Q4D6Q6 monomers adopt a ββαββαββ topology and form a propeller-like tetramer. Oligomerization was verified in solution using NMR, SAXS, analytical ultra-centrifugation and gel filtration chromatography. A rigorous search for similar structures using the DALI server revealed similarities with propeller-like structures of several different functions. Although a Q4D6Q6 function could not be inferred from such structural comparisons, the presence of an oxidized cysteine at position 69, part of a cluster with phosphorylated serines and hydrophobic residues, identifies a highly reactive site and suggests a role of this cysteine as a nucleophile in a post-translational modification reaction. Less
The Mantis microfluidics liquid handler was acquired as a tool for our core facility to improve our workflows and facilitate research projects for others The robot dispensing system can be employed to set up complex dilution patterns which can be advantageous to development projects The Mantis has been utilized in a proof of concept project with our Bio-Rad Droplet DigitalTM PCR ddPCRTM to determine its effectiveness in optimizing reaction primer and template concentrations Protocols were run testing the effectiveness of chip cleaning protocols in removing residual DNA from chips before reusing them in a ddPCR assay Mantis dispensing and dilution ... More
The Mantis microfluidics liquid handler was acquired as a tool for our core facility to improve our workflows and facilitate research projects for others. The robot dispensing system can be employed to set up complex dilution patterns which can be advantageous to development projects. The Mantis has been utilized in a proof of concept project with our Bio-Rad Droplet DigitalTM PCR (ddPCRTM) to determine its effectiveness in optimizing reaction primer and template concentrations. Protocols were run testing the effectiveness of chip cleaning protocols in removing residual DNA from chips before reusing them in a ddPCR assay. Mantis dispensing and dilution series were compared to manual pipetting. In addition, a variable primer setup for ddPCR was run to determine the best conditions for a ddPCR assay. The Mantis has a much speedier delivery than manual setup or our automated pipetting robot. A normalization test of dispensing one reagent with one tip to a plate in variable amounts to each well was completed in less than 2 minutes by the Mantis, while our pipetting robot took over 12 minutes. The cleaning protocols removed DNA below the sensitivity of our ddPCR. The variability of replicate counts of droplets on plate set up with the Mantis has similar spread and deviation compared to a careful manual pipetting setup of a plate. The number of reagents or samples that can be included in a protocol are limited by the number of chips loaded on the Mantis or timeliness between cleanings. Within some limitations the Mantis can be a useful instrument in a core environment. Less
The vast majority of biomolecular structural information is derived from macromolecular X-ray crystallography methods which serve as a foundation for structural biology and account for nearly of the more than biomolecular structures available in the PDB Crystallography requires high-quality well-diffracting crystals coaxing biomolecules into crystalline form is a rate-limiting step in structure determination Searching for conditions in which a biomolecule will crystallize often entails screening multiple different constructs against thousands of crystallization conditions requiring large sample amounts and many person-hours in a typical laboratory set-up In recent circumstances due to the COVID- pandemic being physically in the laboratory for setting ... More
The vast majority of biomolecular structural information is derived from macromolecular X-ray crystallography
methods, which serve as a foundation for structural biology and account for nearly 90% of the more than 165,000
biomolecular structures available in the PDB. Crystallography requires high-quality, well-diffracting crystals;
coaxing biomolecules into crystalline form is a rate-limiting step in structure determination. Searching for
conditions in which a biomolecule will crystallize often entails screening multiple different constructs against
thousands of crystallization conditions, requiring large sample amounts and many person-hours in a typical
laboratory set-up. In recent circumstances due to the COVID-19 pandemic, being physically in the laboratory for
setting up crystallization screening has become even more difficult. The Crystallization Center at HWI has been in
continuous operation as a crystallization resource for 20 years providing mail-in crystallization and remote access
to crystal growth monitoring. These services have become even more critical in the face of restrictions due to
COVID-19. The Crystallization Center is a high-throughput facility that provides expertise and access to state-ofthe-
art instrumentation to facilitate efficient and cost-effective crystallization. We have extensive robotics for
automated sample handling with very small sample volumes integrated with advanced imaging and a Formulatrix
Rock Imager with SONICC for rapid detection of crystal growth. The current pipeline in the Crystallization Center
screens for 1,536 conditions in one experimental plate and employs a robust imaging schedule, all of which is then
accessible remotely. Here, we will present details about the current capacity for high-throughput crystal growth
screening. We will also discuss innovations we are developing and opportunities for enhanced crystallization
services that will further facilitate crystallization for biomolecular structure determination, including scale up and
optimization, in situ diffraction experiments and enhanced imaging for crystal detection. Less
methods, which serve as a foundation for structural biology and account for nearly 90% of the more than 165,000
biomolecular structures available in the PDB. Crystallography requires high-quality, well-diffracting crystals;
coaxing biomolecules into crystalline form is a rate-limiting step in structure determination. Searching for
conditions in which a biomolecule will crystallize often entails screening multiple different constructs against
thousands of crystallization conditions, requiring large sample amounts and many person-hours in a typical
laboratory set-up. In recent circumstances due to the COVID-19 pandemic, being physically in the laboratory for
setting up crystallization screening has become even more difficult. The Crystallization Center at HWI has been in
continuous operation as a crystallization resource for 20 years providing mail-in crystallization and remote access
to crystal growth monitoring. These services have become even more critical in the face of restrictions due to
COVID-19. The Crystallization Center is a high-throughput facility that provides expertise and access to state-ofthe-
art instrumentation to facilitate efficient and cost-effective crystallization. We have extensive robotics for
automated sample handling with very small sample volumes integrated with advanced imaging and a Formulatrix
Rock Imager with SONICC for rapid detection of crystal growth. The current pipeline in the Crystallization Center
screens for 1,536 conditions in one experimental plate and employs a robust imaging schedule, all of which is then
accessible remotely. Here, we will present details about the current capacity for high-throughput crystal growth
screening. We will also discuss innovations we are developing and opportunities for enhanced crystallization
services that will further facilitate crystallization for biomolecular structure determination, including scale up and
optimization, in situ diffraction experiments and enhanced imaging for crystal detection. Less
Tankyrases catalyse poly-ADP-ribosylation of their binding partners and the modification serves as a signal for the subsequent proteasomal degradation of these proteins Tankyrases thereby regulate the turnover of many proteins involved in multiple and diverse cellular processes such as mitotic spindle formation telomere homeostasis and Wnt -catenin signalling In recent years tankyrases have become attractive targets for the development of inhibitors as potential therapeutics against cancer and fibrosis Further it has become clear that tankyrases are not only enzymes but also act as scaffolding proteins forming large cellular signalling complexes While many potent and selective tankyrase inhibitors of the poly-ADP-ribosylation ... More
Tankyrases catalyse poly-ADP-ribosylation of their binding partners and the modification serves as a signal for the subsequent proteasomal degradation of these proteins. Tankyrases thereby regulate the turnover of many proteins involved in multiple and diverse cellular processes, such as mitotic spindle formation, telomere homeostasis and Wnt/β-catenin signalling. In recent years, tankyrases have become attractive targets for the development of inhibitors as potential therapeutics against cancer and fibrosis. Further, it has become clear that tankyrases are not only enzymes, but also act as scaffolding proteins forming large cellular signalling complexes. While many potent and selective tankyrase inhibitors of the poly-ADP-ribosylation function exist, the inhibition of tankyrase scaffolding functions remains scarcely explored. In this work we present a robust, simple and cost-effective high-throughput screening platform based on FRET for the discovery of small molecule probes targeting the protein–protein interactions of tankyrases. Validatory screening with the platform led to the identification of two compounds with modest binding affinity to the tankyrase 2 ARC4 domain, demonstrating the applicability of this approach. The platform will facilitate identification of small molecules binding to tankyrase ARC or SAM domains and help to advance a structure-guided development of improved chemical probes targeting tankyrase oligomerization and substrate protein interactions. Less
NKp is one of the main human natural killer NK cell activating receptors used in directed immunotherapy The oligomerization of the NKp ligand binding domain depends on the length of the C-terminal stalk region but our structural knowledge of NKp oligomerization and its role in signal transduction remains limited Moreover ligand binding of NKp is affected by the presence and type of N-glycosylation In this study we assessed whether NKp oligomerization depends on its N-glycosylation Our results show that NKp forms oligomers when expressed in HEK S GnTI cell lines with simple N-glycans However NKp was detected only as monomers ... More
NKp30 is one of the main human natural killer (NK) cell activating receptors used in directed immunotherapy. The oligomerization of the NKp30 ligand binding domain depends on the length of the C-terminal stalk region, but our structural knowledge of NKp30 oligomerization and its role in signal transduction remains limited. Moreover, ligand binding of NKp30 is affected by the presence and type of N-glycosylation. In this study, we assessed whether NKp30 oligomerization depends on its N-glycosylation. Our results show that NKp30 forms oligomers when expressed in HEK293S GnTI− cell lines with simple N-glycans. However, NKp30 was detected only as monomers after enzymatic deglycosylation. Furthermore, we characterized the interaction between NKp30 and its best-studied cognate ligand, B7-H6, with respect to glycosylation and oligomerization, and we solved the crystal structure of this complex with glycosylated NKp30, revealing a new glycosylation-induced mode of NKp30 dimerization. Overall, this study provides new insights into the structural basis of NKp30 oligomerization and explains how the stalk region and glycosylation of NKp30 affect its ligand affinity. This furthers our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in NK cell activation, which is crucial for the successful design of novel NK cell-based targeted immunotherapeutics. Less
Background Immune checkpoint inhibition ICI alone is not efficacious for a large number of patients with melanoma brain metastases We previously established an in situ vaccination ISV regimen combining radiation and immunocytokine to enhance response to ICIs Here we tested whether ISV inhibits the development of brain metastases in a murine melanoma model Methods B GD melanoma primary tumors were engrafted on the right flank of C BL mice After weeks primary tumors were treated with ISV radiation Gy day -GD immunocytokine hu -IL days and ICI -CTLA- days Complete response CR was defined as no residual tumor observed at ... More
Background Immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) alone is not efficacious for a large number of patients with melanoma brain metastases. We previously established an in situ vaccination (ISV) regimen combining radiation and immunocytokine to enhance response to ICIs. Here, we tested whether ISV inhibits the development of brain metastases in a murine melanoma model. Methods B78 (GD2+) melanoma ‘primary’ tumors were engrafted on the right flank of C57BL/6 mice. After 3–4 weeks, primary tumors were treated with ISV (radiation (12 Gy, day 1), α-GD2 immunocytokine (hu14.18-IL2, days 6–10)) and ICI (α-CTLA-4, days 3, 6, 9). Complete response (CR) was defined as no residual tumor observed at treatment day 90. Mice with CR were tested for immune memory by re-engraftment with B78 in the left flank and then the brain. To test ISV efficacy against metastases, tumors were also engrafted in the left flank and brain of previously untreated mice. Tumors were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry and multiplex cytokine assay. Results ISV+α-CTLA-4 resulted in immune memory and rejection of B78 engraftment in the brain in 11 of 12 mice. When B78 was engrafted in brain prior to treatment, ISV+α-CTLA-4 increased survival compared with ICI alone. ISV+α-CTLA-4 eradicated left flank tumors but did not elicit CR at brain sites when tumor cells were engrafted in brain prior to ISV. ISV+α-CTLA-4 increased CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in flank and brain tumors compared with untreated mice. Among ISV + α-CTLA-4 treated mice, left flank tumors showed increased CD8+ infiltration and CD8+:FOXP3+ ratio compared with brain tumors. Flank and brain tumors showed minimal differences in expression of immune checkpoint receptors/ligands or Mhc-1. Cytokine productions were similar in left flank and brain tumors in untreated mice. Following ISV+α-CTLA-4, production of immune-stimulatory cytokines was greater in left flank compared with brain tumor grafts. Conclusion ISV augmented response to ICIs in murine melanoma at brain and extracranial tumor sites. Although baseline tumor-immune microenvironments were similar at brain and extracranial tumor sites, response to ISV+α-CTLA-4 was divergent with reduced infiltration and activation of immune cells in brain tumors. Additional therapies may be needed for effective antitumor immune response against melanoma brain metastases. Less
Background Radiation therapy RT has the potential to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy such as checkpoint inhibitors which has dramatically altered the landscape of treatments for many cancers but not yet for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma PDAC Our prior studies demonstrated that PD ligand- and indoleamine -dioxygenase IDO were induced on tumor epithelia of PDACs following neoadjuvant therapy including RT suggesting RT may prime PDAC for PD- blockade antibody PD- or IDO inhibitor IDO i treatments In this study we investigated the antitumor efficacy of the combination therapies with radiation and PD- blockade or IDO inhibition or both Methods We developed ... More
Background Radiation therapy (RT) has the potential to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy, such as checkpoint inhibitors, which has dramatically altered the landscape of treatments for many cancers, but not yet for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Our prior studies demonstrated that PD ligand-1 and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) were induced on tumor epithelia of PDACs following neoadjuvant therapy including RT, suggesting RT may prime PDAC for PD-1 blockade antibody (αPD-1) or IDO1 inhibitor (IDO1i) treatments. In this study, we investigated the antitumor efficacy of the combination therapies with radiation and PD-1 blockade or IDO1 inhibition or both. Methods We developed and used a mouse syngeneic orthotopic model of PDAC suitable for hypofractionated RT experiments. Results The combination therapy of αPD-1 and RT improved survival. The dual combination of RT/IDO1i and triple combination of RT/αPD-1/IDO1i did not improve survival compared with RT/αPD-1, although all of these combinations offer similar local tumor control. RT/αPD-1 appeared to result in the best systemic interferon-γ response compared with other treatment groups and the highest local expression of immune-activation genes, including Cd28 and Icos. Conclusion Our RT model allows examining the immune-modulatory effects of RT alone and in combination with immune-checkpoint inhibitors in the pancreas/local microenvironment. This study highlights the importance of choosing the appropriate immune-modulatory agents to be combined with RT to tip the balance toward antitumor adaptive immune responses. Less
Sirtuins are NAD -dependent lysine deacylases which regulate various cell signaling pathways and are associated with lifespan extension through caloric restriction The human isoforms Sirt - are linked to diverse age-related diseases such as Alzheimer s Parkinson s but also cancer and AIDS Sirtuins are therefore emerging targets for therapeutic approaches and regulating sirtuin activity contextually is important While current pharmacological modulation of sirtuin activity is almost exclusively restricted to inhibitors which often lack isoform-specificity potency or bioavailability the physiological modulation of sirtuin activity by other proteins is incompletely understood This study covers important and new aspects for the physiological ... More
Sirtuins are NAD+-dependent lysine deacylases, which regulate various cell signaling pathways and are associated with lifespan extension through caloric restriction. The human isoforms Sirt1-7 are linked to diverse age-related diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, but also cancer and AIDS. Sirtuins are therefore emerging targets for therapeutic approaches and regulating sirtuin activity contextually is important. While current pharmacological modulation of sirtuin activity is almost exclusively restricted to inhibitors, which often lack isoform-specificity, potency, or bioavailability, the physiological modulation of sirtuin activity by other proteins is incompletely understood. This study covers important and new aspects for the physiological and pharmacological regulation of human Sirtuin 1. Concerning regulation by small molecules, the activation of hSirt1 by dehydroabietic acid was characterized providing potential for pharmacological modulation with a new nature-derived activator scaffold. In addition, the proposed anti-tumor potential of tranilast was linked to inhibition of hSirt1. Regarding the physiological modulation of hSirt1 activity by other proteins, conflictive results were available for hAROS. Within this thesis, hAROS was validated as hSirt1 inhibitor. Furthermore, a stable core was suggested for the intrinsically disordered protein hAROS, which will be used for future interaction analyses. Conversely, an hSirt1-activity modulating effect for human Hic1 has not been described yet. Focusing on the interaction between hSirt1 and the BTB/POZ domain of Hic1, this study showed that the interaction is limited to the catalytic domain of hSirt1 and does not require phosphorylation of hSirt1, nor the presence of NAD+ or sirtuin substrate. Hic1-BTB might even have a dual and concentration-dependent effect on hSirt1 activity, which will be subject to future studies. In addition, the first crystal structure of Hic1 was solved demonstrating a typical BTB fold and offering an analysis of putative interacting regions with hSirt1. Finally, the region of hSirt1 interacting with HIV1-Tat was also identified as the catalytic domain and an additional in vitro inhibition of the structurally similar catalytic domains of hSirt2 and hSirt3 was observed. Tat binding to hSirt1-3 was competitive to the sirtuin substrate, but not to NAD+. In line with this observation, several complex structures of hSirt3 with Tat peptides could demonstrate that acetylated or deacetylated Tat binds to the sirtuin substrate binding cleft with its basic region. Using structural superpositions and crosslinking, the major contribution to binding was found to be mediated by HIV1-Tat amino acids 49-52, while Tat amino acids 53-59 provide the additional high potency needed for physiological inhibition of hSirt1 through disruption of an important salt bridge between the hSirt1 SBD and catalytic core. Less
G-protein-coupled receptors GPCRs the largest family of cell-surface membrane proteins mediate the intracellular signal transduction of many external ligands Thus GPCRs have become important drug targets X-ray crystal structures of GPCRs are very useful for structure-based drug design SBDD Herein we produced a new antibody SRP targeting the thermostabilised apocytochrome b from Escherichia coli M W H I R L BRIL We found that a fragment of this antibody SRP Fab facilitated the crystallisation of the BRIL-tagged ligand bound GPCRs HT B and AT R Furthermore the electron densities of the ligands were resolved suggesting that SPR Fab is versatile ... More
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)�the largest family of cell-surface membrane proteins�mediate the intracellular signal transduction of many external ligands. Thus, GPCRs have become important drug targets. X-ray crystal structures of GPCRs are very useful for structure-based drug design (SBDD). Herein, we produced a new antibody (SRP2070) targeting the thermostabilised apocytochrome b562 from Escherichia coli M7W/H102I/R106L (BRIL). We found that a fragment of this antibody (SRP2070Fab) facilitated the crystallisation of the BRIL-tagged, ligand bound GPCRs, 5HT1B and AT2R. Furthermore, the electron densities of the ligands were resolved, suggesting that SPR2070Fab is versatile and adaptable for GPCR SBDD. We anticipate that this new tool will significantly accelerate structure determination of other GPCRs and the design of small molecular drugs targeting them. Less
T cell recognition of peptides presented by human leukocyte antigens HLAs is mediated by the highly variable T cell receptor TCR Despite this built-in TCR variability individuals can mount immune responses against viral epitopes by using identical or highly related TCRs expressed on CD T cells Characterization of these TCRs has extended our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that govern the recognition of peptide-HLA However few examples exist for CD T cells Here we investigate CD T cell responses to the internal proteins of the influenza A virus that correlate with protective immunity We identify five internal epitopes that are ... More
T cell recognition of peptides presented by human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) is mediated by the highly variable T cell receptor (TCR). Despite this built-in TCR variability, individuals can mount immune responses against viral epitopes by using identical or highly related TCRs expressed on CD8+ T cells. Characterization of these TCRs has extended our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that govern the recognition of peptide-HLA. However, few examples exist for CD4+ T cells. Here, we investigate CD4+ T cell responses to the internal proteins of the influenza A virus that correlate with protective immunity. We identify five internal epitopes that are commonly recognized by CD4+ T cells in five HLA-DR1+ subjects and show conservation across viral strains and zoonotic reservoirs. TCR repertoire analysis demonstrates several shared gene usage biases underpinned by complementary biochemical features evident in a structural comparison. These epitopes are attractive targets for vaccination and other T cell therapies. Less
Emergent nanoscale order in materials such as self-assembled lipid phases colloidal materials and metal-organic frameworks is often characterized by small-angle X-ray scattering SAXS Frequently residual disorder in these materials prevents high-resolution D structural characterization Here we demonstrate that angular intensity variations in SAXS patterns can provide previously inaccessible information about local D structure via a rich real-space distribution of three- and four-body statistics We present the many-body characterisation of a monoolein-based hexagonal phase doped with a phospholipid revealing non-uniform curvature in the lipid channels likely due to phase separation of the lipids in the membrane Our many-body technique has general ... More
Emergent nanoscale order in materials such as self-assembled lipid phases, colloidal materials and metal-organic frameworks is often characterized by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Frequently, residual disorder in these materials prevents high-resolution 3D structural characterization. Here we demonstrate that angular intensity variations in SAXS patterns can provide previously inaccessible information about local 3D structure via a rich, real-space distribution of three- and four-body statistics. We present the many-body characterisation of a monoolein-based hexagonal phase doped with a phospholipid, revealing non-uniform curvature in the lipid channels, likely due to phase separation of the lipids in the membrane. Our many-body technique has general applicability to nanomaterials with order in the range 10 nm−1 μm currently targeted by synchrotron SAXS and has the potential to impact diverse research areas within chemistry, biology and materials science. Less
Chemokines and their receptors mediate cell migration which influences multiple fundamental biological processes and disease conditions such as inflammation and cancer Although ample effort has been invested into the structural investigation of the chemokine receptors and receptor chemokine recognition less is known about endogenous chemokine-induced receptor activation and G-protein coupling Here we present the cryo-electron microscopy structures of interleukin- IL- also known as CXCL -activated human CXC chemokine receptor CXCR in complex with Gi protein along with a crystal structure of CXCR bound to a designed allosteric antagonist Our results reveal a unique shallow mode of binding between CXCL and ... More
Chemokines and their receptors mediate cell migration, which influences multiple fundamental biological processes and disease conditions such as inflammation and cancer1. Although ample effort has been invested into the structural investigation of the chemokine receptors and receptor–chemokine recognition2,3,4, less is known about endogenous chemokine-induced receptor activation and G-protein coupling. Here we present the cryo-electron microscopy structures of interleukin-8 (IL-8, also known as CXCL8)-activated human CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) in complex with Gi protein, along with a crystal structure of CXCR2 bound to a designed allosteric antagonist. Our results reveal a unique shallow mode of binding between CXCL8 and CXCR2, and also show the interactions between CXCR2 and Gi protein. Further structural analysis of the inactive and active states of CXCR2 reveals a distinct activation process and the competitive small-molecule antagonism of chemokine receptors. In addition, our results provide insights into how a G-protein-coupled receptor is activated by an endogenous protein molecule, which will assist in the rational development of therapeutics that target the chemokine system for better pharmacological profiles. Less