Automated Liquid Handling for
Assay Development and Optimization

Assay development and optimization are critical processes in scientific research and industrial applications. Their significance spans across multiple fields, including diagnostics, drug discovery, genomics, proteomics, and quality control. Well-optimized assays improve the workflow productivity by ensuring specificity, reaction miniaturization,  and faster results.

 

The One-Factor-At-a-Time (OFAT) approach for assay development and optimization, while straightforward, requires a higher number of experiments, consuming more reagents and time. It also fails to identify significant interactions between factors, leading to suboptimal results.

 

In contrast, Design of Experiments (DoE) enables systematic identification and optimization of assay parameters. It not only saves time and resources but also provides deeper insights into interactions between variables with fewer experiments. However, DoE's complexity arises from the need to prepare multiple reagent combinations simultaneously.

 

Liquid handling is central to executing either OFAT or DoE, and presents several challenges such as precision, time and cost efficiency, throughput, and reproducibility. Manual pipetting, while cost-effective for simple workflows, is limited by low precision, throughput, and reproducibility, especially with small volumes. Moreover, it is not suited for implementing complex DoE protocols.

assay development

Stages in assay development and optimization

In contrast, automated liquid handling (ALH) offers high-throughput assay development and optimization, and reduces processing time and ensures reproducibility by eliminating operator variability. ALH systems also facilitate efficient translation of complex DoE protocols by providing precise control over experimental variables. These capabilities make ALH an indispensable tool for cost-effective and reproducible assay development and optimization.

Formulatrix ALH for Assay Development and Optimization

Formulatrix’s ALH systems — including the Mantis® and Tempest® tipless dispensers, and the F.A.S.T.TM and FLO i8® PD liquid handlers — provide precise and accurate small-volume dispenses that help ensure consistent results across experiments. Our ALH systems feature user-friendly programming interfaces that allow researchers to easily define and execute complex DoE protocols. With API integration, our systems enable connectivity with other laboratory instruments and software, thus supporting comprehensive workflow automation and data synchronization.

Formulatrix Liquid Dispensers

Formulatrix Liquid Handlers

Liquid Handling Features Mantis Tempest F.A.S.T. FLO i8 PD
TechnologyMicrodiaphragm pumpMicrodiaphragm pumpPositive displacementPositive displacement
Precision (CV)< 2% at 100 nL< 3% at 200 nL< 5% at 100 nL< 5% at 0.5 µL
Liquid Class CompatibilityUp to 25 cPUp to 20 cPLiquid class agnosticLiquid class agnostic
ThroughputLow to mediumMedium to highMedium to highLow to medium
Contamination Risk MitigationNon-contact dispensing
with isolated fluid path
Non-contact dispensing
with isolated fluid path
Disposable tipsDisposable tips
Hold-Up Volume (µL)~6~48 (per chip)Close to zeroClose to zero
Volume Range100 nL-∞200 nL-∞100 nL- 13µL200* nL- 1 mL

*200 nL for non-contact dispensing and 500 nL for contact transfer

Table: Formulatrix ALH systems

Webinars

Discover how the F.A.S.T. liquid handler facilitates the quantification of over 5,000 proteins from as little as three microliters of sample.

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Explore how our non-contact liquid dispensers effectively streamline DoE campaigns through significant time and resource savings.

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Application Notes

Mantis facilitates high-combinatorial screening for media optimization with enhanced precision through its innovative tipless dispensing technology.

Read the Application Note

Experience how the Tempest drives down the cost of assay reagents by 60% with miniaturization while generating high-quality screening data.

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Publications
Citations: 162
al. et al., 2025 |Journal of Medicinal Chemistry |Link
Flap endonuclease FEN is a long-standing target of interest in the DNA damage response DDR field due to its therapeutic potential in BRCA mutant cancers To-date there have only been a handful of FEN inhibitors reported in the literature most of which display modest selectivity and or weak cellular activity ...More |Related Solutions: Tempest®
Golden et al., 2025 |Organic Process Research and Development |Link
Liquid dispensing technologies that enhance experimental efficiency and deliver high accuracy across multiple volume ranges are critically important in high-throughput experimentation HTE workflows for reaction exploration and optimization The Mantis liquid handler stands out as a compact highly modular system featuring a wide array of input options and near plug-and-play ...More |Related Solutions: Mantis®
Petzold et al., 2025 |Current Opinion in Biotechnology |Link
Microbial production of target molecules has advanced significantly in recent years driven by innovations in enzyme engineering DNA synthesis and genomic editing However to access the massive potential of microbial production a vast parametric space remains to be investigated to optimize these biobased processes for a robust bioeconomy Here we ...More |Related Solutions: Mantis®
Kurgan et al., 2025 |Pre-Print |Link
Physical activity improves health yet the molecular mechanisms remain partially understood This study presents a high-resolution time-resolved atlas profiling proteins across plasma saliva and urine from healthy adults post-acute exercise Exercise regulated over proteins revealing distinct fluid-specific temporal dynamics By integrating fluid-specific exercise signatures with tissue and disease atlases we ...More |Related Solutions: F.A.S.T.
Tajouri et al., 2025 |Research Paper |Link
Mobile phones contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms have the potential to act as trojan horses The microbial signatures present on their surfaces most probably vary across different geographical regions As a result mobile phones belonging to international conference attendees may serve as a model for global microbial dissemination posing potential risks ...More |Related Solutions: Mantis®